Paul Aimé Richard was invited to replace D.P. Grigorovich as designer of Soviet marine aircraft (nobody else had experience). Gathered first-class team at OPO-4 within CCB August-December 1928, produced 'fantastic number of projects, eager to do all at once'. Only 1 major achievement TOM-1 heavy torpedo seaplane with 2 x BMW VI, later 2 x M-17 (1 January 1931). Too costly and complex, and remained prototype, Richard then returning to France.