Kazan Aviation Institute intermittently one of greatest SKBs (student construction bureaux) from 1934, supervisory designers being S.P. Gudzik and Z.I. Itskovich 1934-7 and M.P. Simonov 1956-66. Very first design, KAI-1 6-seat monoplane (2 x M-11) flown November 1934, was outstanding, and led to UPB bomber crew trainer. Apart from 10-passenger KAI-2 most subsequent types were trainers and gliders, though last known was 1967 VTOL with tilting ducted proprotors.